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Lesson Transcript

INTRODUCTION
John: Hi everyone, and welcome back to PersianPod101.com. This is Intermediate Season 1 Lesson 21 - Learning Arabic Loanwords in Persian. John Here.
Mehrnaz: سلام (salaam) I'm Mehrnaz.
John: In this lesson, you’ll learn about loanwords from Arabic. The conversation takes place at home.
Mehrnaz: It's between Shermine, the daughter, and Hassan, the father.
John: The speakers are family members, therefore, they will speak informal Persian. Okay, let's listen to the conversation.
DIALOGUE
شرمینه: امروز از جلوی یه (یک) دانشگاهی رد شدم. اسمش دانشگاه شاهد بود. شاهد معنی خاصی داره (دارد)؟‌
حسن: بله. بسته به محتوای جمله معانی مختلفیم داره (مختلفی هم دارد).
شرمینه: بذارین (بگذارین) لغت‌نامه‌ای رو (را) که بهم کادو داده بودین (بودید) بیارم (بیاورم).
حسن: فکر خوبیه (خوبی است). می‌تونیم (می‌توانیم) یک کم با هم فارسی تمرین کنیم.
شرمینه: اولین معنی که براش (برایش) تعریف شده "گواه" ه (گواه است). "گواه" به چه معنیه (معنی است)؟
حسن: گواه کسیه (کسی است) که تو (در) دادگاه درباره یه (یک) موضوع شهادت می‌ده (می دهد).
شرمینه: شاهد شهادت می‌دهد. درسته (درست است)؟
حسن: دقیقاً. یه (یک) عبارت هست که ممکنه (ممکن است) تو (در) اخبار بشنوی یا تو (در) روزنامه بهش برخورد کنی؛ شاهد عینی. معنی متداول بعدی "شهید" ه.
شرمینه: کسی که تو (در) جنگ جونشو (جانش را) از دست می‌ده (می‌دهد).
حسن: هر کسی که جونشو (جانش را) در راه اعتقادش می‌ده (می‌دهد).اسم اون (آن)‌ دانشگاهی که دیدی مربوط به این معنی می‌شه (می‌شود).
شرمینه: نوشته در قدیم به معنای معشوق و محبوب هم بوده (است).
حسن: بله. تو (در) ادبیات ایران این کلمه رو (را) زیاد می‌بینی. شاعرا (شاعران) به معشوقشون (معشوقشان) که زن زیبارویی بوده شاهد می‌گفتن (می‌گقتند).
John: Listen to the conversation with the English translation.
Shermine: Today I passed by a university. It was called "Shahed University." Does it have a particular meaning?
Hassan: Yes. Depending on the context, it has different meanings as well.
Shermine: Let me bring the dictionary you'd given me as a present.
Hassan: Sounds good! We can practice Persian a bit together.
Shermine: The first meaning that's defined for it is govaah. What does govaah mean?
Hassan: Govaah is a person who testifies about a subject in court.
Shermine: A testifier testifies. Right?
Hassan: Exactly. There's a phrase that you may hear on the news or encounter in the newspaper; "eyewitness." The next common meaning is "martyr."
Shermine: One who loses his (or her) life in a war.
Hassan: Anyone who gives his (or her) life for a belief. The name of the university you saw is related to this meaning.
Shermine: It says, in the past, it meant a lover or beloved too.
Hassan: Yes. In Iran's literature you see this word a lot. Poets would call their beloved who was a beautiful woman shaahed.
POST CONVERSATION BANTER
John: Wow, we had a bit of a Persian etymology lesson in the conversation there!
Mehrnaz: Yes, there are many Persian words that have a rich history and many meanings.
John: One of the meanings that jumped out to me was "martyr."
Mehrnaz: Yes, that’s an interesting word, and an important one.
John: Why is it important?
Mehrnaz: We need to speak a little about the Iran-Iraq war. It lasted for eight years.
John: That’s a long war. How many casualties were there?
Mehrnaz: There’s debates over that, but there are many families of the martyrs that are still suffering because of it.
John: How is it still affecting families in this day and age?
Mehrnaz: Families who lost relatives in the war are offered loans, and seats at universities.
John: Is there a charity or foundation looking after these families?
Mehrnaz: Yes, the foundation is called بنیاد شهید و امور ایثارگران (bonyaad-e shahid va omoor-e isaargaraan) or بنیاد شهید (bonyaad shahid) for short,
John: which means "Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans."
John: Okay, now onto the vocab.
VOCAB LIST
John: Let’s take a look at the vocabulary from this lesson. The first word is...
Mehrnaz: معانی [natural native speed]
John: "meanings"
Mehrnaz: معانی [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Mehrnaz: معانی [natural native speed]
John: Next we have...
Mehrnaz: بسته به [natural native speed]
John: "depending on"
Mehrnaz: بسته به [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Mehrnaz: بسته به [natural native speed]
John: Next we have...
Mehrnaz: لغت‌نامه [natural native speed]
John: "dictionary"
Mehrnaz: لغت‌نامه [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Mehrnaz: لغت‌نامه [natural native speed]
John: Next we have...
Mehrnaz: تمرین کردن [natural native speed]
John: "to practice"
Mehrnaz: تمرین کردن [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Mehrnaz: تمرین کردن [natural native speed]
John: Next we have...
Mehrnaz: تعریف کردن [natural native speed]
John: "to define"
Mehrnaz: تعریف کردن [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Mehrnaz: تعریف کردن [natural native speed]
John: Next we have...
Mehrnaz: دادگاه [natural native speed]
John: "court"
Mehrnaz: دادگاه [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Mehrnaz: دادگاه [natural native speed]
John: Next we have...
Mehrnaz: شهادت دادن [natural native speed]
John: "to testify"
Mehrnaz: شهادت دادن [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Mehrnaz: شهادت دادن [natural native speed]
John: Next we have...
Mehrnaz: برخورد کردن [natural native speed]
John: "to encounter"
Mehrnaz: برخورد کردن [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Mehrnaz: برخورد کردن [natural native speed]
John: Next we have...
Mehrnaz: معشوق [natural native speed]
John: "lover"
Mehrnaz: معشوق [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Mehrnaz: معشوق [natural native speed]
John: And last...
Mehrnaz: نوشته [natural native speed]
John: "it says"
Mehrnaz: نوشته [slowly - broken down by syllable]
Mehrnaz: نوشته [natural native speed]
KEY VOCAB AND PHRASES
John: Let's have a closer look at the usage of some of the words and phrases from this lesson. The first phrase is...
Mehrnaz: جان خود را دادن
John: meaning "to give one's life, to die."
John: This is a verb phrase.
Mehrnaz: First is جان (jaan), meaning "life", followed by the ezaafeh. Then خود (khod),
John: That means "oneself, one." Next is the direct object marker.
Mehrnaz: Yes, را (raa). Finally is دادن (daadan).
John: This means "to give."
Mehrnaz: There is a shorter version of this phrase - جان دادن (jaan daadan).
John: Can you give us an example using this phrase?
Mehrnaz: Sure. For example, you can say... جان خود را در راه وطنش داد.
John: ...which means "He gave away his life for his home country."
John: Okay, what's the next word?
Mehrnaz: برخورد کردن
John: meaning "to encounter."
John: This is another verb phrase.
Mehrnaz: First is برخورد (barkhord), meaning "encounter, meeting, collision" and then کردن (kardan).
John: This means "to do, to make."
Mehrnaz: A casual version of this phrase is دیدن (didan).
John: That means "to see, to come across." Can you give us an example using this phrase?
Mehrnaz: Sure. For example, you can say... تو (در)‌ این کتاب به لغتای (لغت‌های) فرانسوی زیادی برخورد می‌کنی.
John: ... which means "In this book, you'll encounter a lot of French words."
John: Okay, now onto the lesson focus.

Lesson focus

John: In this lesson, you'll learn about loanwords from Arabic. There are many loanwords in Arabic. They’ve gone through some transformations, and some even have different meanings now.
Mehrnaz: There are also words that have kept their meaning, but are written differently, like مصیبت (mosibat)
John: "calamity." There are also Arabic words that are not used in Persian, but their equivalent in Persian is an Arabic word.
Mehrnaz: For example, مصادر (masaader), "sources" is منابع (manaabe’) in Persian.
John: Some words in Arabic have different functions, and might even have opposite meanings in Persian.
Mehrnaz: For example, عکس (a’ks) means "opposite" in Arabic, but in Persian it means "picture."
John: Are these Arabic loanwords commonly used in Persian?
Mehrnaz: Yes, but in recent years there has been a push to use original Persian words. پارسی (فارسی) را پاس بداریم. (paarsi (faarsi) raa paas bedaarim)
John: That means "Let’s preserve the Persian (language)."
Mehrnaz: It hasn’t been very successful so far though!
John: Many words in Persian share the same roots. By knowing these roots, you can guess what the words mean. Let’s look at an example.
Mehrnaz: One of the first words you probably learned in Persian is کتاب (ketaab), "book." The root of this word is کتب. (Kataba).
John: Other words that share this root will also be related to books somehow.
Mehrnaz: Yes, such as کتابخانه (ketaabkhaane)
John: "bookshelf, library"
Mehrnaz: کتبی (katbi)
John: "writing"
Mehrnaz: کاتب (kaateb)
John: "scribe." So you can see how all of those words are related.
Mehrnaz: Another example is the root کشف (kashafa).
John: All words involved with this are related to discovery in some way.
Mehrnaz: Yes, such as کشف (kashf)
John: "discovery"
Mehrnaz: کشف کردن (kashf kardan)
John: "to discover"
Mehrnaz: اکتشاف (ekteshaaf)
John: "exploration"

Outro

John: Okay, that’s all for this lesson. Thank you for listening, everyone, and we’ll see you next time! Bye!
Mehrnaz: خداحافظ (khodaahaafez)

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